Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean. It has been a Member of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group since 2000, despite not being a signatory of the Cotonou Agreement. The country is immersed in a process of reforms, as outlined in the Lineamientos, the Cuban government's economic and social policy guidelines.

Relations between the European Union and Cuba are based on a political dialogue that promotes cooperation, respect for human rights, the modernisation of the Cuban economy, and the development of joint responses to global challenges. 

Several Cuban personalities became laureates of the EP Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought: the founder of the Varela Project, Oswaldo Payá -fighter for civil rights, free pluralist elections, the release of political prisoners, and economic and social reform in Cuba; the Damas de Blanco (Ladies in White); and doctor in psychology, journalist and political dissident Guillermo Fariñas.

The EP has also voted a number of resolutions on the human rights and political situation in the country. In June 2021 MEPs condemned the existence of political prisoners, the persistent and permanent political persecution, acts of harassment and arbitrary detentions of dissidents in Cuba.